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At the turn of the nineteenth century, the Ottoman Empire straddled three continents and encompassed extraordinary ethnic and cultural diversity among the estimated thirty million people living within its borders. It was perhaps the most cosmopolitan state in the world--and possibly the most volatile. A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire now gives scholars and general readers a concise history of the late empire between 1789 and 1918, turbulent years marked by incredible social change.
Moving past standard treatments of the subject, M. Sükrü Hanioglu emphasizes broad historical trends and processes more than single events. He examines the imperial struggle to centralize amid powerful opposition from local rulers, nationalist and other groups, and foreign powers. He looks closely at the socioeconomic changes this struggle wrought and addresses the Ottoman response to the challenges of modernity. Hanioglu shows how this history is not only essential to comprehending modern Turkey, but is integral to the histories of Europe and the world. He brings Ottoman society marvelously to life in all its facets--cultural, diplomatic, intellectual, literary, military, and political--and he mines imperial archives and other documents from the period to describe it as it actually was, not as it has been portrayed in postimperial nationalist narratives. A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire is a must-read for anyone seeking to understand the legacy left in this empire's ruins--a legacy the world still grapples with today.
- Sales Rank: #602187 in eBooks
- Published on: 2010-03-08
- Released on: 2010-03-08
- Format: Kindle eBook
Review
There are many fine insights in this short book. It is no surprise that many relate to political hypocrisy, since Hanioglu is well known for his studies of the Young Turk political movement. But he also offers often-illuminating discussions of cultural changes, mainly those of the Ottoman official and middle strata. (Choice)
[T]his book raises a series of new questions and calls for developing new approaches and ideas to analyze the last Ottoman century and understand better the rise of national states in the Balkans and the Middle East, especially Turkey. . . . In short, this is a thought-provoking book and I recommend it highly. (Kemal H. Karpat American Historical Review)
Forgoing 'the worn-out paradigms of modernization and Westernization,' Hanioglu opts instead for a consideration of Ottoman responses to the challenge of modernity. . . . [This book] is a pleasure to read. (Kate Fleet Journal of Islamic Studies)
The Ottoman Empire was the longest-lived regional regime in the Middle East since antiquity; it was also the most recent, and left enduring traces. Sükrü Hanioglu's A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire is a major contribution to the better understanding of the region. His account is based on intimate knowledge of the Ottoman archives, as well as of many other sources, both internal and external. Concerned with trends more than events, this book illuminates the ideas and movements that shaped the course of history. (Bernard Lewis Middle East Strategy at Harvard)
This timely history is a must-read for anyone seeking to understand the legacy left in the ruins of the empire--a legacy the world still grapples with today. (Turkish Daily News)
A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire is a must-read for anyone seeking to understand the legacy left in this empire's ruins--a legacy the world still grapples with today. (Spartacus Educational)
A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire deserves only unqualified praise. It is well written and comprehensive in its coverage--with diplomatic, economic and intellectual history interacting. (Peter Clark Asian Affairs)
In all, this is a fine effort well worth reading for its valuable background to WWI, to the politics of modern Turkey and the other Ottoman successor states. Its maps are particularly useful. (Len Shurtleff Listening Post)
[T]o readers familiar with the Ottoman Empire through the Balkans, A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire is especially commendable as a fresh introduction to a bygone view from Istanbul. (Seth C. Elder Balkanalysis)
Hanioglu's seminal work presents a true spring of ideas not only for the late Ottoman history but also for the search of some earlier East Roman and Byzantine interplays of structures and identities. (Wolfgang G. Schwanitz Sehepunkte)
A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire is a recommendable book to the specialist and novice alike. It would also appeal to public readership as a fine sample of international history. (Nur Bilge Criss Turkish Studies)
The strength of A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire is its view of the late Ottoman Empire both from the imperial inside as well as from a reflective and inspiring historical distance. This concise book is very appropriate for general history classes. (Hans-Lukas Kieser H-Net Reviews)
Without a doubt or reservation, this brief history is must reading for scholars and students of Ottoman history, and the author is to be commended for his excellent approach to the study of this period, for this reviewer cannot think of any other scholar better equipped intellectually to analyze and place it in the proper perspective for a meaningful understanding of this critical phase of an empire on the verge of disintegration. (Caesar E. Farah Historian)
Historians and general readers embarking on an introduction to the Ottoman Empire could do far worse than to start with M. Sükrü Hanioglu's A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire. Concise, well-written, and narrative, it nonetheless successfully revises decades of misconceptions about the Ottoman Empire, creating a new model for our understanding of this long-lived system. The author presents several key arguments worth presenting. He encourages his readers to move beyond previous interpretations of Ottoman history, including the perception of the empire as a decrepit and dynastic straitjacket for nationalisms. (Wayne H. Bowen Canadian Journal of History)
From the Inside Flap
"Without doubt the best history of the development of political ideas in the late Ottoman Empire. Haniogluu situates this history of ideas in the context of the political and diplomatic history of the empire as well as in the history of European political thought, of which he demonstrates a deep knowledge."--Erik J. Zürcher, author of Turkey: A Modern History
"A significant contribution, not only to the historiography of the late Ottoman Empire but also to the field of comparative studies of empires."--Fikret Adanir, coeditor of The Ottomans and the Balkans
From the Back Cover
"Without doubt the best history of the development of political ideas in the late Ottoman Empire. Hanio?luu situates this history of ideas in the context of the political and diplomatic history of the empire as well as in the history of European political thought, of which he demonstrates a deep knowledge."--Erik J. Zürcher, author of Turkey: A Modern History
"A significant contribution, not only to the historiography of the late Ottoman Empire but also to the field of comparative studies of empires."--Fikret Adanir, coeditor of The Ottomans and the Balkans
Most helpful customer reviews
22 of 22 people found the following review helpful.
top shelf scholarship
By doc peterson
Admittedly this book is written for a narrow audience; to Hanioglu's credit he neither talks over the heads of readers, nor does he water-down the material. The book is at once informative, detailed, richly cited drawing from an abundance of primary sources, and discusses not only the political decline of the Ottoman Empire, but also the social, economic and intellectual components of its last two centuries.
The introduction provided an excellent summary of the politically untenable situation the Ottoman Empire found itself: as the nation states of Europe were beginning to assert themselves and the technological fruits of the Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution were beginning to ripen, the Ottoman leadership recognized its place in the sun was slipping. The remaining 200 pages discusses in elaborate detail with crystal clarity the myriad attempts made by successive Sultans to modernize and save the Empire. In a nutshell, these efforts failed because of equal parts internal resistance (from the Janisaries, the ulama, from regional powers) and external interference (Britain in particular does not come off very well.) I was especially impressed with the way in which complex inter-relationships (between social / economic classes, internal politics and international policies, international trade, intellecutal challenges and policies aimed at reforming and modernizing) were broken down into digestible pieces, their connections clearly stated, and the long-term results shown. This is no easy feat.
I do regret that more attention was not given the final decade of the Ottoman Empire: the emergence of the Young Turks, the Second Constitutional Period, and the partitioning of the empire among Britain and France. For those seeking a detailed and accessable history of the attempts at reforming the Ottoman Empire, this is the most authoritative and detailed text on the subject to date.
12 of 12 people found the following review helpful.
Things Fall Apart; The Centre Cannot Hold
By L. King
An astonishingly well written informative book. Hanioglu gives us an inside view of the tensions between the centralized power of the Sultanate and that of the periphery. Superficially there was one law and one template for governance howeve large distances, poor lines of communication, local politics and customs lead to vast differences in implementation. In most cases, after the local warlords had taken their cut, taxation remittances flowed from the periphery to the centre - the exception being the region of Mecca where tribute flowed the other way in order to maintain the support of the Sherifians and confer legitimacy on the Sultan as Calif as he was not a descendant of Mohammed.
Militarily from the late 1700s on Turkey had done poorly in its military engagements with Russia and turned towards Europe both for allies and for guidance in modernizing its armed forces. These changes are resented by the Janissaries and Sultan Selim III is slain in a coup in 1807. Selim's cousin Mahmud II is installed as his replacement and he manages a conservative rule for the next 3 decades. In this period there is also an interesting description of British ambassador Stratford Canning from 1810 to 1858, known as "the little Sultan", who was said to have wielded more influence than most Grand Viziers and foreign ministers.
In Egypt Mehmed Ali (an Albanian) amasses a large army and suppresses a Wahabist revolt in Arabia (1811-18) and the Greek rebellion (1824-27) and establishes a powerbase, nominally subservient to the empire. In 1832 he pushes further east into Palestine and Mahmud resorts to an alliance both with Russia to restore the status quo in return a promise to close the Bosphorus to Russia's adversaries in the event of war. Mahmud was not entirely successful as the net result was that Ali controlled the Egypt, the Sudan, Crete, Syria and Jeddah in Arabia. (pp66). In 1939 the Porte turns to an alliance with Britain and Austria to push Ali back in return for reduced taxation (capitulations). Its an intriguing turning point and my complaint here is that the coverage is too brief.
In order to reflect changing interests among the various classes Hanioglu takes the interesting approach of looking at the titles of personal libraries and notes a shift from mostly religious texts in the 19th century to secular and foreign books by the early 20th. He also examines the statement of personal effects in people's wills - thus tracking which objects different segments of society thought important enough to accumulate and pass on to others.
After the Crimean War the Tanzimat reformation, in part forced on the Ottomans by the European Powers, in part driven by the sentiment of the times towards modernization, moved the empire towards equal rights for minorities, resulting in gradual attempts to establish civil courts, land reform and the abolition the jizya tax against non-Muslim minorities. The image of the empire was shifting from a collection of religious and ethnic millets under the protection (per the "Pact of Umar") of a Muslim majority to that of an Ottoman citizen. The reforms were not easily accepted, even by Christians who in Greece mourned that "the state has made us equal with the Jews. We were satisfied with Muslim superiority." (pp76). Yet the modernization impulse seems to have taken hold, both in changes of styles of dress, uniform and in popular taste where the phrase "alla Franca" indicating progressiveness was touted over "alla Turca" which symbolized being old fashioned.
The Young Turk revolution of 1908 (Ch 5 & 6), possibly inspired by the Iranian revolution of 1905/06, was based largely of Muslims from Salonica allied with key elements of the military reduced the Sultanate to a figurehead. While the elections of 1908 were considered to be fair, Hanioglu compares its rule and subsequent elections to be the equivalent of a one party "people's republic" similar to that of Mexico's Pardido Revolucionaro Institucional. (pp161) However in the West the empire's influence continued to fade. European immigration, trade, imperialism and administration reduced the connection to Istanbul to one in name only and revolution in Greece and the Balkans chipped away at much of the rest.
The final chapter examines the reasons for the Empire's involvement in WW I. Initially neutral Turkey might have remained so or allied itself with either side. The reasons it did not are largely viewed as a reaction to debt, a wish to free itself from the capitulations and a desire to prevent the dissolution of its remaining territories.
As excellent as Hanioglu's account is there are 3 areas could be improved on. When discussing the various power estates of the Ottoman Empire he mentions the Porte, the army and the ulemas (religious class) but leaves out the role of the various guilds (ref: Bernard Lewis) that controlled the economic reigns and in many cases impeded progress. A second problem is that the coverage of the massacres of the Armenians in the late 19th century and the Armenian genocide itself (not to mention the ethnic cleansing of other Christian groups) is treated as a blip rather than as massive rendering of an age old social contract. Even though I can understand the potential reasons, I was disappointed. Lastly the author could have supplied some additional maps, particularly in in the earlier section of the book to show the changes in divisions of the provinces and also with regard to conquests of Mehmed Ali.
In spite of these problems IMHO a rating of 5 is an understatement. I'd consider this essential reading for the history of the 19th century, the breakup of the empire and the formation of of the modern middle east. It does help to have some previous background as the amount of detail is a bit overwhelming, however if you are interested in a particular set of years each chapter stands well as a separate unit. Highly, highly, highly recommended!
11 of 13 people found the following review helpful.
Great Book for Late Ottoman History
By M. Darakcioglu
This book is an excellent summary of nineteenth century Ottoman History. The author relies entirely on primary material which he assembles masterfully. The book deals with political, social, cultural, and economic aspects of the Ottoman Empire, and offers fresh insights. The book presents well-balanced views, supported by solid evidence and sound interpretation, even in the most controversial aspects of the late Ottoman history. For a historian, non-historian, or anyone interested in the history of Ottoman Empire, Turkey, or Middle East, this is a great read and a reference book. I recommend it highly.
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