Download PDF The Marvelous Learning Animal: What Makes Human Behavior Unique, by Arthur W. Staats
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The Marvelous Learning Animal: What Makes Human Behavior Unique, by Arthur W. Staats
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What makes us human? In recent decades, researchers have focused on innate tendencies and inherited traits as explanations for human behavior, especially in light of groundbreaking human genome research. The author thinks this trend is misleading. As he shows in great detail in this engaging, thought-provoking, and highly informative book, what makes our species unique is our marvelous ability to learn, which is an ability that no other primate possesses.
In his exploration of human progress, the author reveals that the immensity of human learning has not been fully understood or examined. Evolution has endowed us with extremely versatile bodies and a brain comprised of one hundred billion neurons, which makes us especially suited for a wide range of sophisticated learning. Already in childhood, human beings begin learning complex repertoires—language, sports, value systems, music, science, rules of behavior, and many other aspects of culture. These repertoires build on one another in special ways, and our brains develop in response to the learning experiences we receive from those around us and from what we read and hear and see. When humans gather in society, the cumulative effect of building learning upon learning is enormous.
The author presents a new way of understanding humanness—in the behavioral nature of the human body, in the unique human way of learning, in child development, in personality, and in abnormal behavior. With all this, and his years of basic and applied research, he develops a new theory of human evolution and a new vision of the human being. This book offers up a unified concept that not only provides new ways of understanding human behavior and solving human problems but also lays the foundations for opening new areas of science.
From the Hardcover edition.
- Sales Rank: #1840711 in eBooks
- Published on: 2012-06-12
- Released on: 2012-06-12
- Format: Kindle eBook
Review
"The nature-nurture debate represents one of the fundamental questions in the field of psychology: Is human behavior wired into our genes or are we shaped by our learning histories and situational pressures? In recent years, advances in evolutionary theories, genomics, and neuroscience have focused considerable attention on ‘nature.’ In lucid and accessible prose, Arthur W. Staats makes the case for ‘nurture,’ arguing that human uniqueness derives from our capacity to learn. Not everyone will agree with Staats’s conclusions, but all will find that his book represents a significant and compelling contribution to a critical debate."
-Peter Salovey, Chris Argyris Professor of Psychology, Yale University
"Staats has thrown down a challenge to the currently fashionable biological and genetic determinism. Here he places our breathtaking capacity to learn front and center in theunderstanding of human nature in his forcefully argued account."
-Frank Farley, PhD, Professor, Temple University, Philadelphia; former president, American Psychological Association; former president, American Educational Research Association
"In this exciting book, Staats challenges the biological focus that has come to dominate the study of human behavior and makes a compelling case for the central role of humankind’s inimitable learning ability in making us the unique species we have become. The importance of this insight cannot be overestimated. It creates the basis for a new paradigm, providing a new way of conceptualizing human nature and a framework for uniting many disparate fields of study and applications of scientific knowledge with real-world social and behavioral problems. The implications for the future development of the science of human nature are profound."
-Karl Minke, Long-term department chair and associate professor (retired), Department of Psychology, University of Hawaii at Manoa
About the Author
Arthur W. Staats (Honolulu, HI) is professor emeritus in the Department of Psychology at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. He is internationally known as an innovator and is the inventor of time-out for use with children and the token-reward system (token economy). In 2006, Child magazine recognized him as one of "20 People Who Changed Childhood." He is the author of six books, more than fifty chapters, and over eighty journal articles, among other publications.
Most helpful customer reviews
7 of 7 people found the following review helpful.
A Welcome Antidote to Naturist Error
By William L. Scurrah
The subtitle of this important book says it all: What Makes Human Nature Unique. It has been faddish since at least Desmond Morris's The Naked Ape to assert that human beings are very little more than apes, indeed that we are just a "naked ape" only marginally different in behavior and abilities from our supposed cousin the chimpanzee. Books promoting this supposedly Darwinist view have drawn considerable attention and their authors have, as in the cases of Pinker and Dawkins, been promoted as popular public intellectuals. Staats sets himself the task of unseating this view and does so convincingly. He states that our view of human nature is the result of a Great Scientific Error, to wit, that Darwinists (and Darwin himself) make a fundamental error of assuming that because anatomical features are genetically determined, so too must be behaviorial features. As Pinker asserts in his famous book, even language is an instinct. But Staats shows that human nature is determined much more by learning than by inheritance, and that the extent of our abilities and achievements cannot be explained by genes alone or even very much.
I will mention just two of his major points. One is that our behaviors are so complex and diverse that it is impossible that they could be coded for in our genes--there are just too many behaviors and too few genes to account for each of them. In this regard, it is interesting to note that the human genome project showed that we have fewer genes than was traditionally believed: rather than 100,000 or so, we have only 30,000-40,000--less than many insects and far less than many plants. The other is that our bodily experience within our environment affects our behavior, and this is true for other animals as well. In the case of humans, Staats asks, are men more aggressive than women because they are hard-wired for aggression, or because, having bigger and stronger bodies, they can more easily get away with aggressive behavior? Staats investigation of what Francisco Varale calls "the embodied mind" in his book of that title (also available through Amazon)suggests that instinct is not a sufficient explanation.
If you are interested in the nature vs. nurture debate and have been seeking a source that counterbalances the current bias towards the naturist side, Staats' book is a thorough and accessible option.
4 of 4 people found the following review helpful.
Never too old to learn...
By Pacific Indie Traveller
Staats's book came into my radar at an opportune time. As a grandparent, I'm observing all over again the marvel of a young "learning animal"--as well as dealing with small children's more problematic behaviors. I find myself again pondering the conundrums that I faced while raising my son: How much behavior is innnate, how much is learned, and what can I do to shape and direct my child's behavior in postive ways? Staats's book makes the strong case that a large quotient of human behavior is learned. He debunks the current conventional wisdom (rampant on the Internet) that certain difficult childhood behaviors will simply disappear with maturation, and he describes how active interventions can lead to desirable behavioral change. "The Marvelous Learning Animal" is not a manual for parenting, but it will help parents (and grandparents) to better understand (= to learn), for example, how their own behaviors affect their young charges and thus how modifying their own behaviors can lead to more positive results. On a practical level, this book offers a welcome antidote to more passive approaches to parenting/grandparenting. On a more profound level, Staats extends his concepts of behavioral learning, child development, and personality formation into the context of a thought-provoking treatise on the nature of humanity.
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Best modern presentation of behaviorism by a pioneer who devoted his personal and professional life to understanding behavior.
By Hamid Hekmat
The book is highly readable. Parents, teachers, students, avid readers of psychology literature and clinicians can benefit from reading this book. The book has a balance of theory, research, and application of Psychology. It helps to foster a better understanding of child development, problem behaviors, personality, human distresses and pain reactions. Staats criticizes of the currently popular approach that explains behavior exclusively by biological mechanisms. The new Psychological Behaviorism that Staats advocates emphasizes learning, past training, psycho-social factors, and the current environment as determinants of behavior. Unlike Skinner and many radical behaviorists before him, Staats displays a deep understanding of how emotions, language, and human cognition impact behavior. The book provides many examples and personal anecdotes that renders support to Staats behaviorism and renders reading the text highly enjoyable.
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