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Why do modern people assume that there will be perpetual economic growth? Because, David W. Noble tells us in this provocative study of cultural criticism, such a utopian conviction is the necessary foundation for bourgeois culture. One can imagine the existence of modern middle classes only as long as the capitalist marketplace is expanding. For Noble, the related—and relevant—question is, how can the middle classes believe that a finite earth is an environment in which infinite growth is possible? The answer, which Noble so painstakingly charts, is nothing less than a genealogy of the uses and abuses of knowledge that lie at the heart of so many of our political problems today.
As far back as Plato and as recently as Alan Greenspan, Noble finds proponents of the idea of a world of independent, rational individuals living in timeless simplicity, escaping from an old world of interdependence and generations. Such notions, although in sync with Newtonian science, have come up against the subsequent conclusions of geology, biology, and the physics of Einstein. In a survey of the responses to this quandary of historians, economists, literary critics, and ecologists, Noble reveals how this confrontation, and its implications for a single global marketplace, has forced certain academic disciplines into unnatural—and untenable—positions.
David Noble’s work exposes the cost—not academic at all—of the segregation of the physical sciences from the humanities and social sciences, even as it demonstrates the required movement of the humanities toward the ecological vision of a single, interconnected world.
- Sales Rank: #1809618 in eBooks
- Published on: 2012-10-23
- Released on: 2012-10-23
- Format: Kindle eBook
From Bookforum
David W. Noble's Debating the End of History is an account of his break not just with bourgeois economics but with the progressive mythology of humanity's forward march out of history into stable societies reliant on endless economic expansion. —Jim Sleeper
Review
"This is a major book by an important American studies scholar who takes a long view of U.S. and transnational history and culture while making important connections to significant contemporary ideas and movements such as neoliberalism and Tea Party politics. David W. Noble makes a compelling case for the continuing significance of the metaphor of two worlds for understanding the neoliberal disorder around us." --Shelley Streeby
About the Author
David W. Noble, professor emeritus at University of Minnesota, is the author of many influential books including The Progressive Mind, 1890–1917, The End of American History, and Death of a Nation: American Culture and the End of Exceptionalism.
David R. Roediger is professor of history and African American studies at the University of Illinois, Urbana–Champaign.
Most helpful customer reviews
6 of 8 people found the following review helpful.
A bit abstract as an anti-growth polemic, but with interesting "two worlds" thesis
By A. J. Sutter
This book presents an interesting thesis: that the American faith in unlimited economic growth is based on a centuries-old Western modernity myth -- namely, the belief that man can make an exodus from a traditional world based on time and history, into a "timeless", ever-young paradisiacal world. According to the author (DWN), this is a false faith, because economic growth is limited by the limited physical resources of the real world - the one based on time and history. The second, timeless world doesn't exist. Some branches of the academy, he says, especially in the sciences, rediscovered this "one-world" view during the 20th Century, while neoclassical economics remains the epitome of an academic discipline championing the two-world view. Meanwhile, the humanities seem to carry on in willful ignorance of these science-based issues, despite the fact that they're already having an impact on our lives. DWN writes from the point of view of a participant during the past 60 years' evolution of academic American historical and cultural studies. He says that he wrote the book "in the hope that I can persuade a few of a few of my colleagues in the humanities to participate in replacing the modern metaphor of two worlds with the new but traditional metaphor of one world."
Prior to reading the book, I was already in agreement that perpetual economic growth is neither viable nor desirable, so I can't say the book brought me around to that view. The "two-worlds" theme was new to me, though, and I found DWN's explanation of how it wound its way through American historiography especially interesting. I also very much enjoyed his comparison of Thomas Friedman's "The World Is Flat" to Frederick Jackson Turner's hollow "frontier thesis" of American history (Chap. 6), though I think DWN overestimates how much Friedman subsequently changed his views (see below). I should mention though, that I came to the book pretty familiar with many of the folks named in the economics, ecology and final chapters and even, thanks to a terrific A.P. American History course long, long ago, having heard of about 50% of the historians DWN discusses. If your background is less wonkish, you might find it tough sledding.
I did have some reservations about the exposition, three big ones in particular. First, much of the book surveys scholarship in history, economics, literary criticism, and ecology by describing various authors' views seriatim. Notwithstanding my prior exposure to many of the authors discussed, it was sometimes difficult for me to follow the thread of the two-worlds theme during these detailed catalogues of commentary. A little more synthesis so that the reader could know where he or she is would have been helpful. Second, many of DWN's arguments rely on rather broad generalizations, often attributing agency to various "bourgeois" groups, "middle-class Greek men," and the like, "waving [their] magic bourgeois wand[s]" (@28). I'm old enough to remember the '60s and '70s, when such rhetoric was everywhere on university campuses, and I couldn't help feeling that leaning on it now was a little too facile. Nor am I sure about in what sense Plato, for one, was a "middle-class Greek," or whether that class would be in any way comparable to the "middle class" of other times and places.
And third, once we've left Plato behind, the book's focus is very, very American. DWN will occasionally mention that some school of thought or belief was "transnational," but doesn't give any examples. This is a pity, because there have been numerous European authors, esp. Francophone, putting forward very sophisticated critiques of economic growth ever since the 1960s. I don't mean the usual suspects so loved by American academics (Foucault, Latour, Baudrillard, Lyotard, et al., who all do make an appearance in this book), but people like Cornelius Castoriadis, Peter Kende, and especially André Gorz, to say nothing of more recent authors one can find in the journals ENTROPIA and La Décroissance. Gorz's notion of "écologie politique" is just the sort of synthesis of ecology and political/economic critique whose absence DWN laments. DWN also overlooks the work of Gorz's more famous friend, Ivan Illich, who wrote in English and came down hard on growth in his classic "Tools for Conviviality" (1973). For that matter, Brit Tim Jackson's "Prosperity without growth?" (first released in 2009) is missing, too. As a result, it's hard to share DWN's excitement over statements like "And then in 2010 Kenneth Sayre [in his book "Unearthed: The Economic Roots of Our Environmental Crisis"] had denounced growth economics as immoral" (@85) given that this denunciation had been going on more or less continuously during the last 30 or 40 years -- just not always emanating from Americans.
Smaller stuff: DWN seems to believe (@158f) that Thomas Friedman had seen the light about a limited earth in his "Hot, Flat and Crowded" (2008), but actually Friedman is still optimistic in that book about growth -- "green growth." DWN also mentions Einstein's relativity theory and modern quantum theory as evidence of science's return to a historical sense of time ("Nature is timeful; nature has a history" (@124)), but these theories can also support the opposite proposition. In fact the notion of "particles were disappearing; other particles were appearing" (@125) often is accounted for by a mathematical trick known as "time reversal" (e.g. in Feynman's view of quantum electrodynamics). Physics-based discourse about the arrow of time, unmentioned by DWN but more pertinent to his thesis, comes from statistical mechanics; DWN cites Ilya Prigogine, whose ideas are indeed relevant, but Prigogine was wrestling with the problem that the arrow of time *doesn't* pop out from quantum theory. This book also takes at face value Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen's suggestion that economic activity "is permanently limited by a finite amount of concentrated energy that can be used to drive machines and automobiles" (@132); but NG-R's physics arguments were mistaken, for reasons described in, among other places, the comment thread to my Amazon review of his "Entropy Law and the Economic Process". Finally, many of DWN's footnotes cite to entire books, often several at a time, without page cites. This is quite frustrating to a reader, especially when the arguments the cites are claimed to support are quite sweeping.
In sum, this book isn't exactly a focused argument against economic growth directed to a general reader. But when it comes to convincing humanities scholars to adjust their world-view in light of our current environmental straits, I think it has a shot, and I hope it succeeds.
1 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Light from Inside the Cave---understanding
By Just a peep
I stumbled upon this book in the Winter 2012 issue of Reach Magazine (University of Minnesota, College of Liberal Arts), "Time, Space, and American Exceptionalism." Like Noble once was, I've been perplexed by the Utopian visions and the contradiction, varying degrees of scarcity. Why are both progressive and conservative movements seemingly unsuccessful? So I bought the book.
Another reviewer mentions that this book might be tough sledding for someone who is not a wonk...do not be dissuaded. These 177 pages are not an easy read...but, oh, what a ride. Best explained by a commercial, the reader will have many "I coulda had a V8" moments...now I better understand the times that I have lived through.
Favorite passage in the book, the last sentence. Paraphrased: Will we be able to celebrate living at home as much as people have celebrated the reason(s) for leaving it.
0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
A meaty book worth reading more than once.
By KNP
Well written and very thought provoking. I'm going to read it at least two more times to understand the ramifications. I love books like this!
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